Private Tutor in Istanbul - Test prep - Via online -

From 4 C$ /h

- Creative and passionate teacher
- I am Colombian and I live in Istanbul
- Neutral Spanish and English accent
- I am studying specialization in Human rights and migration and a diploma in Education
- We will create a curriculum focused on your specific needs and way of learning

How I can help?
- Grammar
- Conversation
- Pronunciation
- DELE exams

Location

Online from Turkey

About Me

- Creative and passionate tutor
- I am Colombian and I live in Istanbul
- Neutral Spanish and English accent
- I am studying specialization in Human rights and migration and a diploma in Education
- We will create a curriculum focused on your specific needs

Education

Primary Basic Bachelor´s degree with emphasis in Spanish and Humanities
Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas
2017 - Bogotá, Colombia

Specialization in collective memories, human rights and resistance
CLACSO ( Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales )
2019 - Argentina

Experience / Qualifications

Spanish primary teacher
Bahçeşehir Okulları
2019 - Istanbul

Spanish primary teacher
Mektebim Okulları
2018 - Istanbul

Research methodology and written communication Teacher
Corporación Universitaria ISES/ College teaching professional
2017 - Bogotá

Spanish and philosophy teacher
Instituto Tecnisistemas
2016 - Bogotá

Promoter of reading with children
Cultural Ministry Colombia
2015 - Bogotá

Promoter of reading with children
Casa cultural El rincón
2014 - Bogotá

Age

Preschool children (4-6 years old)

Children (7-12 years old)

Teenagers (13-17 years old)

Adults (18-64 years old)

Student level

Beginner

Intermediate

Advanced

Duration

45 minutes

The class is taught in

English

Spanish

Skills

Spanish

School

Spanish for adults

Teaching

Test prep

Availability of a typical week

(GMT -04:00)

New York

Online via webcam

Mon

Tue

Wed

Thu

Fri

Sat

Sun

00-04

04-08

08-12

12-16

16-20

20-24

Justin

4.88

(66)

I am a native American English speaking instructor, editor, and journalist from Florida specializing in teaching, instruction, exam prep, and text correction for a wide range of professionals & students across Belgium.

Approaching from a true native's perspective, I instruct and assist with both educational and business English in a multi-faceted nature covering a wide range of areas including comprehension, conversation, grammar, and situational skills, in addition to working on general language skills and accent training.

My past & present clients have included: professionals from all four major EU institutions, the Belgian government, various NGOs, and musicians, journalists, engineers, as well as a variety of other professions in addition to traditional students. As well, I can provide extensive help and training with the EPSO, IELTS, and TOEFL exams.

I have also written, edited or proofread a variety of academic papers, theses, applications, CVs, and other documents for numerous satisfied academic and professional clients.

I have spent my entire childhood and adult life in the United States before completing a master's degree in Political Science and European Politics at KU Leuven. I have an extensive knowledge and experience of English grammar and literature, as well as current and past working experience in journalism (Anti-Competition Law and European Policy at the Policy and Regulatory Report) and both European and American politics.

I also handle correction of text, editing, proofreading and ghostwriting, with weekly and monthly rates possible. My transportation costs are included.

Jaume

4.88

(66)

Learn Spanish in an interactive and personalized way!

Do you want to learn Spanish or improve your current level? In my lessons I adapt completely to your goals, level and learning pace. As a native Spanish speaker and experienced teacher in language schools I provide authentic and effective lessons.

In the lessons we will cover:

Grammar and vocabulary: In a structured and understandable way.
Practical exercises: Focused on speaking, listening, writing and reading.
Personal attention: Each lesson is tailored to your needs.
Whether you are a student who needs extra help or an adult who wants to become fluent in Spanish, I would love to help you achieve your goals.

Send me a message for more information or to schedule a trial lesson. ¡Hasta pronto!

Carlos

4.88

(66)

I'm a Spanish teacher with over 20 years of experience in education, and my goal has always been clear: to help students learn the language in a practical, natural, and meaningful way.

My teaching approach is centered around real-life situations, with a strong focus on speaking and oral expression. I use a modern, engaging, and student-friendly method that encourages communication from day one.

I truly believe that learning a language is not just about memorizing rules—it's about living it, using it, and enjoying the journey.

I’m passionate about guiding each student along their path and providing them with the tools they need to feel confident using Spanish in real contexts.

Florencia

4.88

(66)

Over 15 years of experience teaching English to students of all ages and levels.
Certified, dynamic, and fully focused on creating a 100% personalized approach to help you achieve your academic, professional, or personal goals.

Your goals:

Travel English or preparing to relocate abroad.
Technical English for IT, Medicine, Kinesiology, Accounting, Marketing, Business, and Sciences.
Preparation for meetings, presentations, and conferences.
Improving your CV and practicing job interviews in English.
Preparation for international exams (IELTS, FCE, CAE).
Academic and scientific writing.
Student visa applications and admission to universities abroad.

💡 My methodology:

1:1 lessons or small groups (ask about rates).
Materials provided.
Continuous feedback.
Dynamic, practical, and motivating classes.

🌍 I will be your bridge to English—helping you communicate with confidence and understand local culture in English-speaking countries.

I’m passionate about seeing my students gain the confidence to express their ideas in another language.

Let’s start your journey together!

_________________________________________________________

Más de 10 años de experiencia enseñando inglés a estudiantes de todas las edades y niveles.
Certificada, dinámica y con un enfoque 100% personalizado para que logres tus metas académicas, profesionales o personales.

Tus objetivos:

Viajar como turista o mudarte al extranjero.
Inglés técnico en áreas como TI, Medicina, Kinesiología, Contabilidad, Marketing, Negocios y Ciencias.
Preparación para reuniones, presentaciones y conferencias.
Optimizar tu CV y entrevistas en inglés.
Preparación para exámenes internacionales (IELTS, FCE, CAE).
Escritura de artículos académicos y científicos.
Postulación para visas de estudiante o ingreso a universidades en el extranjero.

💡 Mi metodología:

Clases 1:1 o en grupos pequeños (consulta tarifas).
Materiales incluidos.
Feedback continuo.
Clases dinámicas, prácticas y motivadoras.

🌍Seré tu puente hacia el inglés, te ayudaré a comunicarte con confianza y entender la cultura local en países anglófonos.

👉 Me apasiona ver cómo mis estudiantes aquieren la confianza para expresar sus ideas en otro idioma.

¡Comencemos tu viaje juntos!

Khalil

4.88

(66)

Learn French the way it’s truly spoken — with clarity, emotion, and purpose.
In my classes, you’ll go beyond textbooks to develop real conversational skills and a deeper connection with French culture.

You’ll learn to:
• 💬 Speak naturally in everyday and professional situations
• 🗣️ Improve pronunciation and listening comprehension
• 📚 Strengthen your grammar through real examples and dialogue
• 🎨 Discover French culture, idioms, and expressions that bring the language to life

As a native French speaker who has studied and lived in France, I’ll guide you through French in a way that’s structured, practical, and encouraging.
Whether you’re a beginner or looking to refine your fluency, I’ll help you gain the confidence to think and express yourself like a true Francophone.

Let’s make French not just a language you learn — but a culture you live.

Rémi

4.88

(66)

🎓 IS YOUR CHILD PREPARING FOR FRENCH FOR THE INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE (IB)?
I am a native French teacher, based in France, and for over 10 years I have been supporting students from international education systems, including those in the IB Diploma Programme.

📚 COVERED LEVELS
Comprehensive preparation for all three modalities of the IB program:
✅ French ab initio (beginners)
✅ Language B Standard Level (SL - Intermediate Level)
✅ Language B Higher Level (HL - Higher Level)

🎯 IB EXAM COMPONENT WORK
🔹 READING COMPREHENSION (Paper 1)
✅ Speed reading and analysis techniques
✅ Work on a variety of authentic French-language texts
✅ Specific preparation for the IB question format

🔹 WRITTEN PRODUCTION (Paper 2)
✅ Structure of different types of texts (article, essay, letter, blog, speech)
✅ Academic vocabulary and logical connectors
✅ Detailed correction with annotations on IB assessment criteria

🔹 INDIVIDUAL ORAL
✅ Intensive work on visual stimuli and image analysis
✅ Prepare a structured 3-4 minute presentation
✅ Simulations of the conversation section with the examiner
✅ Pronunciation correction (my specialty) to maximize the score

🔹 CORE PROGRAMME THEMES
Specific resources and tailored support for the 5 official IB themes:
✅ Identities
✅ Experiences
✅ Human ingenuity
✅ Social organization
✅ How do we share the planet

🎓 MY METHOD
✅ 100% online course via Microsoft Teams or Google Meet
✅ Lessons in French from the first session
✅ Combination of theory, intensive practice and exam simulations
✅ Personalized support tailored to the level and the exam being targeted
✅ Progress tracking throughout the school year
✅ Regular check-ins with parents upon request

⭐ WHY CHOOSE ME
✅ Native French teacher, based in France (immersion guaranteed)
✅ Trilingual French / Spanish / English → I understand the specific difficulties students face depending on their native language
✅ Specialist in French pronunciation (major advantage for individual oral exams)
✅ 32 five-star reviews on Apprentus, Trusted Teacher badge
✅ Over 10 years of teaching experience, including several IB students guided to graduation

📅 AVAILABLE TIME SLOTS
🔸 Monday to Friday: from 7pm
🔸 Saturday: from 8:30 am
🔸 Sunday: from 9pm
🔸 Other time slots available upon request, including mornings and weekends

📩 FIRST CONTACT
Contact me and specify:
🔸 The student's level (ab initio, SL or HL)
🔸 The approximate date of the exam (May / November)
🔸 The main difficulties identified

I respond within 24 hours, to both students and parents. A comprehensive discussion will be held during our initial contact to define the best preparation plan together.

Fawzi

4.88

(66)

I am a trained French teacher with a degree in linguistics. I have been teaching since 2012 and I support candidates in improving their French and preparing for official exams.

The preparation is fully tailored to your level, the date of your exam and the skills you need to strengthen.

We are working on the different challenges:
- listening comprehension;
- understanding of written texts;
- written production;
- oral production.

The goal is not only to improve your French, but also to understand what examiners expect and to learn how to respond effectively to exam instructions.

Depending on your needs, we can work on methodology, organization of ideas, argumentation, grammar, vocabulary, time management and correction of written or oral productions.

Exercises and practice topics may be offered between lessons to track your progress and identify areas that require more work.

As the exam approaches, we can also carry out simulations under conditions close to the real test, particularly for oral production.

Before we begin, simply tell me the diploma and level you are preparing for, the scheduled date of the exam, and the difficulties you wish to work on as a priority.

Bibek

4.88

(66)

Hello and welcome! I am a dedicated physics and mathematics tutor with extensive experience (5+ years) in helping students excel in their studies. Whether you're preparing for standardized tests like the SAT, SAT Subject Tests, AP-Physics, AP-Calculus, or pursuing advanced coursework like VWO, A-levels, OMPT-A, OMPT-B, OMPT-C, OMPT-D, or OMPT-F, I'm here to provide you with top-quality online tutoring sessions that cater to your specific needs.

With my academic background (Ph.D. in Physics [ongoing], M.Sc. in Nanoscience, and B.Sc. in Physics and Mathematics) and a passion for teaching, I have successfully assisted students in mastering physics and mathematics for years. I understand that test preparation can be challenging and stressful, but with proper guidance and support, it can be conquered easily. I aim to help you develop a robust foundation by clarifying fundamental concepts.

Course Highlights:

1. Physics Topics:
- Mechanics
- Electricity and Magnetism
- Waves and Optics
- Thermodynamics
- Modern Physics
- Quantum Mechanics
- And more, tailored to your requirements!

2. Mathematics Topics:
- Algebra
- Geometry
- Trigonometry
- Calculus (AP and beyond)
- Probability and combinatorics
- Problem-solving techniques
- Customized to suit your level and objectives!

Whether you're seeking to boost your scores on standardized tests or aiming for excellence in your coursework, I am here to guide you. I tailor sessions to your learning needs. Feel free to suggest any additional topics or specific concepts to cover. We'll work together to improve weaknesses and enhance strengths, preparing you for the future.

Interested? Contact me now for personalized online tutoring.

*Note that the sessions will be held online (via Discord/Teams/Zoom).

Lucía

4.88

(66)

Learn Spanish in a fun, easy, and engaging way with a certified teacher, official DELE examiner, and IB-trained educator.

✨ FLUENCY · EXAMS · LIVING IN SPAIN · TRAVEL & BUSINESS ✨

Are you planning to travel, study, work, or live in Spain or another Spanish-speaking country? Are you preparing for the DELE or another official Spanish exam, such as the SIELE, IB, or IGCSE? Are you a complete beginner, or do you already know the grammar but still find it difficult to have a fluent conversation?
You’re in the right place to take that big step!

I’m a certified Spanish teacher and official DELE examiner at the Instituto Cervantes, with:

🎓 PhD candidate in Applied Linguistics for Language Teaching
🎓 Master’s in Spanish as a Foreign Language
🎓 Master’s in International Education and Bilingualism with IB certification

I teach children, teenagers, and adults at all levels, with lessons tailored to your goals:

✅ DELE and exams preparation
✅ Speaking fluency and confidence
✅ Spanish from beginner to advance
✅ Real-life communication skills

Each class includes personalized planning, clear objectives, and close guidance so you can make progress from the very first lessons.

Take the next step in your Spanish journey, let’s start!

My lessons combine:
🗣️ An active communicative approach
📚 Clear and practical grammar explanations
🎯 Real-life language use and confidence-building activities

If you are preparing for exams, I provide:
✅ Structured exam preparation
✅ Practice with all exam sections
✅ Personalized feedback and strategies
✅ Continuous support to help you feel confident on exam day

I teach online from Japan with a flexible schedule, and I am happy to adapt lessons to your availability while helping you achieve solid and measurable progress.

Whether your goal is:
✈️ Traveling
💼 Professional communication
🎓 Academic purposes
📖 Official certification
💬 Improving fluency and confidence

I would be delighted to support you on your Spanish-learning journey.

📩 Contact me, and together we will create your personalized study plan!
And if you enjoy the lessons, I would truly appreciate your review 😊🌟

¡Nos vemos en clase! — See you in class!

I offer individualized programs for all levels of the Common European Framework of Reference (A1-C2), specializing in:

📘 General Spanish (Beginner to Advanced)
Progress from beginner to advanced level with a structured, dynamic, and fully communicative method. Classes are completely personalized to adapt to your goals, learning pace, and learning style, helping you improve steadily and confidently.

🎯 Personalized Classes
Classes tailored to your specific goals: travel, work, studies, interviews, or presentations. Learn the Spanish you actually need with a practical and results-oriented approach from the very first class.

🗣️ Conversation Classes
Personalized training for concrete contexts such as travel, professional settings, academic environments, or presentation preparation. My classes focus on real conversation from the very first minute, always adapting to my students’ interests and goals. Ideal if you understand Spanish but don’t feel confident speaking yet, or if you want to become fluent quickly for real-life situations.

🎨🎲 Spanish Classes for Children (Ages 6*-12)
Dynamic and interactive lessons specially designed for children. We use games, songs, stories, and age-appropriate activities so they can learn Spanish naturally, creatively, and in a motivating environment * Children should already be able to read and write in their native language.

📝 Official Exam Preparation (DELE, SIELE, IB, IGCSE, CCSE)
Maximize your score with the guidance of a certified examiner. You will learn real exam strategies, practice with official materials, and receive continuous personalized support so you can take your exam with confidence and peace of mind.

🎓 Spanish for Admission to Spanish Universities
Linguistic and academic preparation designed to meet entry requirements and help you succeed in a university environment.

Feel free to tell me if you would like to focus on a specific skill or if you prefer a particular teaching style. Every program is carefully designed around your goals, interests, and learning preferences.

I teach online from *Japan* with a very flexible schedule, and I will be happy to adapt classes to your availability while guiding you toward solid and measurable progress.

Awni

4.88

(66)

I offer private lessons in Spanish, we can do it online“Learn Spanish from Zero – Simple, Supportive, and Enjoyable Lessons!” Learn to Communicate with Ease.
I'm ready to adapt our study plan to your objectives and demands!
I provide personalized methods that will take you step by step to meet your goal! I am dynamic, easy-going and full of energy!

Start your first lesson today!
All material will be provided to you by email.
Lessons are well organized
I can suggest a weekly task
I'm a highly qualified teacher who has a master degree in language learning plus that I have been teaching for 13 years.
Learning a new language can open new doors to your career path.
I can lead you to pass DELE.
Language of teaching can be English, French, Arabic and Spanish.

Lilia

4.88

(66)

Primary school teacher, I give tutoring lessons for all levels
I am a CE2 class teacher and a FLE (French as a foreign language) teacher in training centers.
I have a certification in FLE and 2 masters and a master in teaching in progress
I use fun and interactive methods
I currently provide personalized tutoring for primary and secondary school students in all subjects.

I offer sessions adapted to the needs and pace of each student

Methodology:
- Initial assessment: For each support I will do a diagnostic assessment to identify the student's strengths and weaknesses in the subject concerned (mathematics, French, science, etc.).
- Personalized approach: The courses are adapted to the student's level, with individualized monitoring. This includes practical exercises, targeted revisions and explanations adapted to each learning pace.
- Progressive objectives: we set short and long term objectives together to motivate the student.
- Learning techniques: I use interactive methods (online exercises, educational games) and revision sheets to help memorize and understand key concepts (flashcards, etc.)

Type of sessions:
- Course of the sessions:
- Review of previous concepts: 10-15 minutes to review the points covered during the last lesson.
- Lesson of the day: 30-45 minutes to present and explain a new concept.
- Practical exercises: 20-30 minutes to apply what has been learned, offering exercises adapted to the student's level.
- Questions and corrections: 10-15 minutes at the end to answer the student's questions and correct mistakes together.
- Regular monitoring: I plan regular assessments to adjust the learning method and adapt the pace of the lessons.

So what are you waiting for? Join me for an unforgettable adventure!

Marie

4.88

(66)

Struggling actually to speak Spanish, not just understand it?
I help beginners and intermediate students start speaking confidently from the first lessons.

With over 20 years of experience teaching languages, I’ve worked with students of all ages, levels, and learning styles. I can quickly identify knowledge gaps and help students overcome them with practical strategies, clear explanations, and engaging materials. I focus on:
✅ Speaking from day 1
✅ Clear, simple grammar explanations
✅ Building real-life conversation skills
✅ Giving personalised classes adapted to your needs and learning pace
✅ Develop your confidence in the language

My lessons are perfect if you:
✅feel stuck at beginner level
✅understand Spanish but can’t speak
✅want structured guidance instead of random practice

💡 How do I teach?
My teaching style is friendly, structured, and fully tailored to your needs; whether you're a complete beginner or looking to polish your fluency.

🌍What can you expect?
Our first lesson will be all about you - your goals, your challenges, and how you like to learn. Based on that, I’ll build a personalised lesson plan that suits your learning style. Let’s make learning languages something you look forward to; I’d love to help you reach your language goals!

You are not alone in your journey; I will be there to guide you every step of the way!

Book your first lesson and start — or continue — on your language learning journey!
And if you have any questions or doubts, don’t hesitate to send me a message; I’ll be more than happy to help!

Francesca

4.88

(66)

¡Muy buenos días, me llamo Francesca! Bonjour, je m'appelle Francesca. Je cours pour la preparation pour les examens espagnols au lycée et au Université, pour particuliers et entreprises (with invoice).

For the past few years I have been living and working in Spain, in Barcelona.
I am Italian. I have studied Spanish from level A1 to level C2, certified by the most prestigious organization in the study and teaching of the Spanish language, the Instituto Cervantes.

I have obtained the following university degrees:
- Master's degree in Foreign Languages and Literatures with honors (final grade 110 cum laude), University of Ferrara (2011)
- Bachelor's degree in Foreign Languages and Literatures (final grade 108/110), University of Bologna (2008)

As a lifelong learner, I am improving my skills and have a Master's degree in Human Resources Management, UOC - Open University of Catalonia.

I have obtained the following official language certificates:

- Certified DELE examiner (all levels: A1-C2) issued by the Instituto Cervantes
- Certificate in Spanish as a Foreign Language (ELE) teacher training, issued by International House and recognized by the University of Barcelona
- DELE level C2 issued by the Instituto Cervantes
- DELF level A1-A6 (B2) issued by the Alliance Française

I have worked as a Spanish teacher and examiner in Enforex and Don Quijote in Barcelona; in major international companies such as Michael Page, Fedex, Comercial Química Massó, Velfont-Velamen, the Ferrara Chamber of Commerce and in the Ferrara high school, international schools in Italy and Spain.

I am a philologist specializing in Spanish and I speak several languages that can help my students clarify their doubts.

I started teaching many years ago and I continue because it is my great passion, also in my free time.

Lucía

4.88

(66)

Spanish lessons adapted to teenagers who want to improve their language skills for school, exams, travel, or everyday communication.

My approach combines grammar, conversation, and current topics to keep students motivated and help them express themselves naturally and confidently.

Possible goals:
Improve speaking skills
Reinforce grammar and vocabulary
Prepare for school exams
Gain fluency and confidence
Improve reading and listening comprehension

Lessons are dynamic, practical, and adapted to each student’s pace, interests and objectives so they can enjoy learning and progress with confidence.

Ideal for international students, IB students, school support, or extracurricular language learning.

Javier

4.88

(66)

¿Te gustaría mejorar tu español mientras descubres algunas de las obras, autores e ideas fundamentales de la literatura española?

Esta clase combina el aprendizaje avanzado del español con el estudio de la literatura y la cultura españolas, en un entorno dinámico, participativo y adaptado al nivel y los objetivos de cada estudiante.

Las sesiones están impartidas por un profesor universitario especializado en Español como Lengua Extranjera (ELE) y examinador acreditado por el Instituto Cervantes, con amplia experiencia en la enseñanza del español a estudiantes extranjeros.

Trabajaremos con textos literarios de diferentes épocas y autores —desde los clásicos hasta la literatura contemporánea— para desarrollar no solo tu comprensión lectora, sino también tu capacidad para expresarte con mayor precisión, riqueza y naturalidad en español.

¿Qué trabajaremos?
📖 Lectura y análisis de textos literarios españoles.
🇪🇸 Cultura, historia y sociedad a través de la literatura.
🗣️ Conversación y expresión oral a partir de textos y temas literarios.
✍️ Vocabulario, estructuras y recursos lingüísticos de nivel avanzado.
🔎 Análisis del lenguaje, estilo y significado de las obras.
💬 Debate y argumentación en español.
🎓 Preparación y desarrollo de competencias comunicativas propias de contextos académicos.

La clase está especialmente indicada para estudiantes de español de nivel intermedio-alto y avanzado, universitarios, profesionales y personas con inquietudes académicas o culturales que quieran profundizar en el idioma.

No necesitas ser especialista en literatura. El objetivo es que puedas aprender español a través de la literatura, comprender mejor la cultura española y disfrutar de grandes obras mientras desarrollas un dominio más sofisticado del idioma.

Una clase para quienes quieren ir más allá del español cotidiano

Si ya tienes una buena base de español y quieres avanzar hacia un uso más preciso, culto, natural y académico de la lengua, esta clase te permitirá trabajar el idioma desde una perspectiva diferente, combinando aprendizaje lingüístico, literatura, pensamiento y cultura.

Would you like to improve your Spanish while discovering some of the most important works, authors and ideas in Spanish literature?

This class combines advanced Spanish language learning with the study of Spanish literature and culture, in a dynamic, engaging environment adapted to each student's level and goals.

The sessions are taught by a university professor specialized in Spanish as a Foreign Language (ELE) and an Instituto Cervantes-accredited examiner, with extensive experience teaching Spanish to international students.

We will work with literary texts from different periods and authors — from the classics to contemporary literature — to develop not only your reading comprehension, but also your ability to express yourself with greater accuracy, richness and naturalness in Spanish.

What will we work on?
📖 Reading and analysis of Spanish literary texts.
🇪🇸 Spanish culture, history and society through literature.
🗣️ Conversation and speaking practice based on literary texts and topics.
✍️ Vocabulary, grammatical structures and advanced language skills.
🔎 Analysis of language, style and meaning.
💬 Discussion, critical thinking and argumentation in Spanish.
🎓 Development of communication skills for academic contexts.

The class is particularly suitable for upper-intermediate and advanced Spanish learners, university students, professionals, and anyone with academic or cultural interests who wants to explore the Spanish language in greater depth.

You do not need to be a literature specialist. The aim is to learn Spanish through literature, gain a deeper understanding of Spanish culture, and enjoy great works while developing a more sophisticated command of the language.

A class for those who want to go beyond everyday Spanish

If you already have a solid foundation in Spanish and want to progress towards using the language in a more precise, sophisticated, natural and academic way, this class offers a different approach to learning, combining language, literature, critical thinking and culture.