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Since February 2019
Instructor since February 2019
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Professor Certified Teacher in Chemistry at all university levels Preparation for Paris competitions
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From 59.96 C$ /h
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Confirmed chemistry teacher and graduate. Holder of a thesis in chemistry and several post doctorates, I teach chemistry for several years in universities and colleges. I have worked as a research teacher in major research institutes around the world.

I will ensure a good understanding of chemistry (organic / bioorganic / physical / analytical) for all levels of education (high school / BTS / IUT / competition / universities / grandes écoles). I adapt my speech at the level of the student. Everyone can understand, just take the time to explain. Possibility to organize group sessions. I move on all Paris.
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  • Around Paris, France
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Children (7-12 years old)
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60 minutes
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New York
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Hello,
Previously a double degree student in computer science and mathematics at Sorbonne Paris Nord University (formerly Paris 13).
Student in applied mathematics engineering at ENSTA PARIS and ENSAE PARIS in double degree
I can give tutoring in mathematics so that in physics and chemistry, the main advantage of my classes is that they contain tips that improve the student's response to an exercise, a very good course that aims the essential without forgetting the important details, and a follow-up of the evolution of the student through the tests of progression and exercises since the exercises of application until the starry exercises.
Apart from my good teaching approach, I have great skills in mathematics and physics chemistry besides I am the first dz my class in mathematics in double license.
Through my private lessons I want not only to transmit my knowledge, but also the good methods and reflexes before tests or exercises.
Cordially.
verified badge
I am a qualified engineer from Arts et Métiers ParisTech and followed a preparatory class, accumulating more than 10 years of experience as a private mathematics teacher. My goal is to help your child reach their full academic potential in mathematics and develop skills that will prepare them for a bright future.

Why choose my courses?

Would you like your child to:

Significantly improve your results in mathematics/physics-chemistry?
Join a selective curriculum?
Become independent and confident in your abilities?
Over the last 5 years, I have had the privilege of supporting more than 30 French students, from middle school (sixth, fifth, fourth, third) to high school (second, first, terminale), towards academic success. My students obtained good averages, passed the certificate, the baccalaureate and the preparatory classes, while strengthening their self-confidence.

My teaching method in 3 steps:

Short term: Immediate improvement in average by assimilating the course and preparing for assessments. This includes assimilating the course, taking notes, practicing standard exercises, anticipating teachers' expectations and test questions, as well as acquiring writing methods.

Medium term: Integration of reasoning and working methods. Your child will learn to work regularly in this order: assimilation, training exercises, preparation for assessments and analysis of results.

Long term: Establishing clear goals, building the steps to achieve them, realizing the SIMPLICITY of mathematics, building confidence in your abilities and unlocking your child's potential.

Details of the formula:

One to two sessions of 1h30/2h per week to assimilate the course and prepare for the evaluations.
Classes delivered via Google Meet for effective online learning.
Use of a virtual whiteboard to facilitate the assimilation of concepts.
Access to an online library including 10 mathematics reference books.
Over 1000 online exercises to strengthen math skills.
Questions ?

Contact me now on Apprentus, and I will respond quickly. Together, we can give your child the future they deserve through an exceptional math education.

Don't let this opportunity pass you by! Book today for outstanding results in mathematics.

Give your child the future they deserve with exceptional math lessons!
verified badge
I teach mathematics, physics and chemistry from elementary to high school: I put much more emphasis on methodology and confidence building. This makes it easier for students to approach the material.

I support students throughout the year with personalized follow-up for each student: methodology, exam preparation, optimization and time management.

Homework help, revisions, preparation of revision sheets, exam corrections, personalized advice.

Depending on the level, the difficulties and the needs of my students, I set up a program to assess their progress. Some need more lessons to consolidate the basics while others master the course and they need more practice exercises. Once the students have mastered the course and the application exercises, we work through specific tests, self-confidence and time management, making it easier to tackle exams in class.
I have students who were below average and who became good at it; others who were good but lacked confidence and subsequently became excellent.

I am available immediately for regular or punctual courses.
verified badge
Experienced and qualified teacher gives private lessons at home or online by a very modern method of Mathematics - Analysis - Matrices - Statistics - Algebra - Physics - Chemistry - Biology and Geology of the France or International or European program to students of Terminales, 1ère, Seconde , Brevet, Concours and 1st year university preparatory classes.
You can contact me for details.
I practice teaching since I was a student where I was first in my class.
Specific program for CNED students or those of International School in english.
My students' results are All with VERY GOOD, GOOD AND EXCELLENT grades.
Do not hesitate to contact me for more information, guaranteed response in a few minutes to a few hours maximum.
verified badge
Teaching a master's degree in nanophysics and advanced optics, expert in the field of general science teaching. My goal is to help the student to fully understand the lessons by offering homework and applications directly after the explanation of the course and I have enormous patience and I do not let go of my mission before the student can understand all of them, even I have experiences which were fruitful with many of the students who had difficulty in learning, studying and achieving their homework .
verified badge
Hi there ! 👋

My name is Jamal and I am an experienced trainer, specialized in Maths and Physics-Chemistry courses, adapted to each student. 📚✨

✅ Improve your skills: Do you want to progress in Math, Physics-Chemistry, or both? I offer personalized courses for primary, middle and high school students, as well as for adults. 🧑‍🎓👩‍🎓

✅ All levels: No matter your level, even if you are a beginner, my courses are designed to help you progress! 🚀

✅ Effective teaching method: My method is based on an approach that facilitates the assimilation of concepts, allowing you to succeed in your homework and exams. 🎯 I combine theoretical courses, practical exercises, tutorials, exam corrections and revision sheets.

✅ Varied Support: I use a multitude of supports, including presentations, games, videos, images, audios, and homework between sessions to make learning dynamic. 🎥🎮📖

If you need help, feel free to contact me. I am here to help students around the world improve their grades and skills! 🌍💪
verified badge
I have worked for 5 years now with high school kids interested in studying medicine in Italy (both in italian or English)
I believe that the key for a successful preparation of a challenging test such as the medicine entrance exam is exercise, in fact I believe that is crucial to start the preparation with an adequate advance to gain confidence with the standard exercises we can find in the exam.
My lessons are based on mock exams: we go through them together seeing what are the student's gaps and then reviewing the theory of those gaps.
I also believe that my method I successful since I can relate to the fear and anxiety a student preparing such a stressful exam is living, having prepared it not so long ago.
Every lesson we go through a subject so we can focus on the hardest topics in every subject.
verified badge
Looking to help your son or daughter pass their patent exam? My preparation course is here to help you! Together, we will work through the exam history to ensure that your child is ready for all the tests. We will also discuss tips for passing the exam and saving time in math, physics and chemistry. My goal is to provide your child with the tools to pass their patent exam with confidence. Do not hesitate to contact me for more information or to reserve your place in the course.
Together, we will get there.
verified badge
I am an engineer who recently graduated from the École Nationale Polytechnique and CentraleSupélec. I obtained 19.5/20 in mathematics and physics in my baccalaureate, and 20/20 in chemistry. I once helped a middle school student who had poor grades in mathematics, such as 02/20. Thanks to my help, she was able to improve and obtain excellent grades, such as 20/20 and 18/20. My motivation, passion, and techniques, developed through my experience in these subjects, make it easy for me to convey information to any student, regardless of their level.
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📚 Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry (4CH1): Organic Chemistry – Topic Overview

Level: IGCSE (Edexcel – Code: 4CH1)
Subject: Chemistry
Topic:Organic Chemistry
Format: Online
Tutor: Experienced Science & Biology Educator


🔍 Topic Overview:
Explore the fascinating branch of Organic Chemistry, where we study carbon compounds that form the basis of fuels, plastics, medicines, and living organisms. This topic introduces you to the fundamental ideas and reactions of alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, acids, and polymers.


🧪 What You'll Learn:
✅ What makes a compound organic
✅ Properties and reactions of alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons)
✅ How to identify alkenes using bromine water (unsaturated hydrocarbons)
✅ The structure and reactions of alcohols and carboxylic acids
✅ The formation and significance of addition polymers (e.g. poly(ethene))
✅ Environmental challenges with non-biodegradable plastics
✅ Systematic naming of organic compounds using IUPAC rules


🎯 Ideal For:

* Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry students (Code: 4CH1)
* Learners aiming to master organic reactions and chemical structures
* Students preparing for exams with topic-based revision
* Curious minds exploring how chemistry connects to real life


💡 Learning Outcomes:
✔️ Understand and apply organic chemistry terminology
✔️ Predict the products of key reactions (combustion, addition, substitution)
✔️ Draw and interpret structural and molecular formulas
✔️ Explain how polymers are made and discuss their uses and impacts


📍Book a session today and turn Organic Chemistry into one of your strongest IGCSE topics — taught with diagrams, past paper questions, and simplified concepts!
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I'm here to help you understand chemistry in a simple and clear way 🔬✨

I'm passionate about science and have experience teaching general chemistry to high school students. My lessons are tailored for teenagers between 15 and 18 years old who want to:

Strengthen what they’ve learned in school, prepare for exams, understand basic to advanced concepts, learn at their own pace in a fun and interactive way

🔍 What do we cover in class?

Atomic structure and the periodic table
Chemical bonding
Chemical reactions
Stoichiometry
Solutions, pH, acids and bases
Basic organic chemistry

👩‍🏫 My classes are dynamic, with real-life examples, practical exercises, and helpful study materials.
verified badge
🧪 IB Chemistry Apprentice Lesson Plan

Topic: The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Level: IB Year 1 (Apprentice)
Duration: 60 minutes

Lesson Objectives

By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

‣ Describe the electromagnetic spectrum and identify its different regions.
‣ Understand and apply the equation c = fλ.
‣ Differentiate between a continuous spectrum and a line spectrum.
‣ Explain the concept of quantized energy in atoms.

Lesson Outline

Introduction (0–5 minutes)
Start the lesson by asking students a few engaging questions:
What are some examples of invisible light or radiation around us?
Why do we wear sunscreen?

Allow brief responses, then explain that all of these examples are part of the electromagnetic spectrum, which we will study today.

Teaching Phase 1 – Overview of the Electromagnetic Spectrum (5–15 minutes)
Introduce the electromagnetic spectrum. Explain that it is a range of all electromagnetic waves, which vary by frequency and wavelength. Emphasize that all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed in a vacuum – the speed of light, c = 3.00 × 108 m/s.
Key formula to introduce: c = fλ, where:
c = speed of light
f = frequency (Hz)
λ = wavelength (m)

Point out that high-frequency waves have short wavelengths and higher energy (like gamma rays), while low-frequency waves have long wavelengths and lower energy (like radio waves). Display a spectrum diagram showing the range from radio to gamma rays, with visible light in the center.

Teaching Phase 2 – Spectrum Types: Continuous vs. Line Spectrum (15–25 minutes)
Explain the difference between continuous and line spectra.

A continuous spectrum** contains all wavelengths in a range, like a rainbow produced when white light passes through a prism.
A line spectrum** shows only specific wavelengths or frequencies. This happens when excited electrons fall back to lower energy levels and release photons of specific energies.
Explain that energy is **quantized**—electrons cannot have just any amount of energy; only specific values are allowed. Use the helium line spectrum image as an example.

Real-World Examples and Class Discussion (35–45 minutes)
Give students three practical examples and discuss their uses:

1. Microwaves – Used in cooking and communications.
2. Ultraviolet (UV) rays – Cause sunburn; used in sterilizing equipment.
3. Gamma rays– Used in cancer treatment and in detecting radioactive materials.

Ask students:
Where do you see or use electromagnetic waves in your daily life?
Encourage short contributions to reinforce understanding.

Student Exercises (45–55 minutes)
Have students complete these three questions individually:

1. A wave has a frequency of 6.0 × 1014 Hz. Calculate its wavelength using c = 3.00 × 108 m/s.
2. Explain the difference between a continuous and line spectrum, with an example of each.
3. Why are gamma rays more dangerous to humans than radio waves?

Wrap-Up and Recap (55–60 minutes)
Call on a few students to briefly summarize one key thing they learned.
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Lesson: Electrochemistry
Duration: 60 minutes
Grade Level: Advanced Science / Chemistry (IGCSE, A Level, IB)
Main Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
1. Define electrochemistry and explain its importance.
2. Describe the difference between electrolytic and galvanic (voltaic) cells.
3. Write half-reactions and overall cell reactions.
4. Calculate standard electrode potentials and predict the direction of electron flow.
5. Understand practical applications of electrochemistry in everyday life.

Lesson Outline / Brief Notes:

1. Introduction to Electrochemistry (10 minutes)
Definition: Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the relationship between chemical reactions and electricity.
Key Concept: Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons.
Real-life example: Batteries, electroplating, corrosion prevention.
2. Galvanic (Voltaic) Cells (15 minutes)
Composed of two half-cells connected by a salt bridge.
Oxidation occurs at the anode, reduction at the cathode.
Example: Daniell cell
Zn(s) | Zn2+(aq) || Cu2+(aq) | Cu(s)
Oxidation: Zn → Zn2+ + 2e−
Reduction: Cu2+ + 2e− → Cu
3. Electrolytic Cells (10 minutes)
Require an external power source to drive non-spontaneous reactions.
Example: Electrolysis of molten NaCl
At cathode: Na+ + e− → Na
At anode: 2Cl− → Cl2 + 2e-
4. Standard Electrode Potentials (10 minutes)
Electrode potential measures the tendency of a species to be reduced.
Example:
Zn2+/Zn: -0.76 V
Cu2+/Cu: +0.34 V
Predict electron flow: Electrons flow from Zn to Cu in a Daniell cell.
5. Applications of Electrochemistry (5 minutes)
Batteries (Li-ion, lead-acid)
Electroplating (silver plating, chromium plating)
Corrosion protection (galvanization)
Exercise (10 minutes)
1. Short Answer Questions:
a. Define electrochemistry.
b. Identify the anode and cathode in a zinc-copper galvanic cell.
c. Explain the difference between galvanic and electrolytic cells.
2. Calculation:
Given:
Zn2+/Zn: -0.76 V
Cu2+/Cu: +0.34 V
Calculate the standard cell potential of a Daniell cell.
3. Application Question:
Describe one practical application of electrochemistry in everyday life and explain how it works.
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Hello!

I’m a PhD holder in physical chemistry from Université Paris Cité. I’m passionate about teaching and helping students truly understand the concepts behind chemistry and science.
With several years of research and academic experience, I can explain complex physical and chemical phenomena in a clear and engaging way.
Each session is adapted to your level and learning style. I focus on building strong fundamentals and connecting theory with practical applications.

The first lesson is a “get to know your student” session where we discuss your goals and challenges and create a personalized learning plan together.
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A Doctor of Mathematics, trained in France, England, and the United States. Using a method I developed myself, designed to address the shortcomings of traditional teaching, a rapid catch-up is possible while allowing students to get ahead of the curriculum. A turnkey training program is also available using my course book, which enables students to progress from a middle school level (5th grade) to a two-year university level (Bac+2) in 62 weeks (at 2.5 hours per week).
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arrow icon previousarrow icon next
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Hello,
Previously a double degree student in computer science and mathematics at Sorbonne Paris Nord University (formerly Paris 13).
Student in applied mathematics engineering at ENSTA PARIS and ENSAE PARIS in double degree
I can give tutoring in mathematics so that in physics and chemistry, the main advantage of my classes is that they contain tips that improve the student's response to an exercise, a very good course that aims the essential without forgetting the important details, and a follow-up of the evolution of the student through the tests of progression and exercises since the exercises of application until the starry exercises.
Apart from my good teaching approach, I have great skills in mathematics and physics chemistry besides I am the first dz my class in mathematics in double license.
Through my private lessons I want not only to transmit my knowledge, but also the good methods and reflexes before tests or exercises.
Cordially.
verified badge
I am a qualified engineer from Arts et Métiers ParisTech and followed a preparatory class, accumulating more than 10 years of experience as a private mathematics teacher. My goal is to help your child reach their full academic potential in mathematics and develop skills that will prepare them for a bright future.

Why choose my courses?

Would you like your child to:

Significantly improve your results in mathematics/physics-chemistry?
Join a selective curriculum?
Become independent and confident in your abilities?
Over the last 5 years, I have had the privilege of supporting more than 30 French students, from middle school (sixth, fifth, fourth, third) to high school (second, first, terminale), towards academic success. My students obtained good averages, passed the certificate, the baccalaureate and the preparatory classes, while strengthening their self-confidence.

My teaching method in 3 steps:

Short term: Immediate improvement in average by assimilating the course and preparing for assessments. This includes assimilating the course, taking notes, practicing standard exercises, anticipating teachers' expectations and test questions, as well as acquiring writing methods.

Medium term: Integration of reasoning and working methods. Your child will learn to work regularly in this order: assimilation, training exercises, preparation for assessments and analysis of results.

Long term: Establishing clear goals, building the steps to achieve them, realizing the SIMPLICITY of mathematics, building confidence in your abilities and unlocking your child's potential.

Details of the formula:

One to two sessions of 1h30/2h per week to assimilate the course and prepare for the evaluations.
Classes delivered via Google Meet for effective online learning.
Use of a virtual whiteboard to facilitate the assimilation of concepts.
Access to an online library including 10 mathematics reference books.
Over 1000 online exercises to strengthen math skills.
Questions ?

Contact me now on Apprentus, and I will respond quickly. Together, we can give your child the future they deserve through an exceptional math education.

Don't let this opportunity pass you by! Book today for outstanding results in mathematics.

Give your child the future they deserve with exceptional math lessons!
verified badge
I teach mathematics, physics and chemistry from elementary to high school: I put much more emphasis on methodology and confidence building. This makes it easier for students to approach the material.

I support students throughout the year with personalized follow-up for each student: methodology, exam preparation, optimization and time management.

Homework help, revisions, preparation of revision sheets, exam corrections, personalized advice.

Depending on the level, the difficulties and the needs of my students, I set up a program to assess their progress. Some need more lessons to consolidate the basics while others master the course and they need more practice exercises. Once the students have mastered the course and the application exercises, we work through specific tests, self-confidence and time management, making it easier to tackle exams in class.
I have students who were below average and who became good at it; others who were good but lacked confidence and subsequently became excellent.

I am available immediately for regular or punctual courses.
verified badge
Experienced and qualified teacher gives private lessons at home or online by a very modern method of Mathematics - Analysis - Matrices - Statistics - Algebra - Physics - Chemistry - Biology and Geology of the France or International or European program to students of Terminales, 1ère, Seconde , Brevet, Concours and 1st year university preparatory classes.
You can contact me for details.
I practice teaching since I was a student where I was first in my class.
Specific program for CNED students or those of International School in english.
My students' results are All with VERY GOOD, GOOD AND EXCELLENT grades.
Do not hesitate to contact me for more information, guaranteed response in a few minutes to a few hours maximum.
verified badge
Teaching a master's degree in nanophysics and advanced optics, expert in the field of general science teaching. My goal is to help the student to fully understand the lessons by offering homework and applications directly after the explanation of the course and I have enormous patience and I do not let go of my mission before the student can understand all of them, even I have experiences which were fruitful with many of the students who had difficulty in learning, studying and achieving their homework .
verified badge
Hi there ! 👋

My name is Jamal and I am an experienced trainer, specialized in Maths and Physics-Chemistry courses, adapted to each student. 📚✨

✅ Improve your skills: Do you want to progress in Math, Physics-Chemistry, or both? I offer personalized courses for primary, middle and high school students, as well as for adults. 🧑‍🎓👩‍🎓

✅ All levels: No matter your level, even if you are a beginner, my courses are designed to help you progress! 🚀

✅ Effective teaching method: My method is based on an approach that facilitates the assimilation of concepts, allowing you to succeed in your homework and exams. 🎯 I combine theoretical courses, practical exercises, tutorials, exam corrections and revision sheets.

✅ Varied Support: I use a multitude of supports, including presentations, games, videos, images, audios, and homework between sessions to make learning dynamic. 🎥🎮📖

If you need help, feel free to contact me. I am here to help students around the world improve their grades and skills! 🌍💪
verified badge
I have worked for 5 years now with high school kids interested in studying medicine in Italy (both in italian or English)
I believe that the key for a successful preparation of a challenging test such as the medicine entrance exam is exercise, in fact I believe that is crucial to start the preparation with an adequate advance to gain confidence with the standard exercises we can find in the exam.
My lessons are based on mock exams: we go through them together seeing what are the student's gaps and then reviewing the theory of those gaps.
I also believe that my method I successful since I can relate to the fear and anxiety a student preparing such a stressful exam is living, having prepared it not so long ago.
Every lesson we go through a subject so we can focus on the hardest topics in every subject.
verified badge
Looking to help your son or daughter pass their patent exam? My preparation course is here to help you! Together, we will work through the exam history to ensure that your child is ready for all the tests. We will also discuss tips for passing the exam and saving time in math, physics and chemistry. My goal is to provide your child with the tools to pass their patent exam with confidence. Do not hesitate to contact me for more information or to reserve your place in the course.
Together, we will get there.
verified badge
I am an engineer who recently graduated from the École Nationale Polytechnique and CentraleSupélec. I obtained 19.5/20 in mathematics and physics in my baccalaureate, and 20/20 in chemistry. I once helped a middle school student who had poor grades in mathematics, such as 02/20. Thanks to my help, she was able to improve and obtain excellent grades, such as 20/20 and 18/20. My motivation, passion, and techniques, developed through my experience in these subjects, make it easy for me to convey information to any student, regardless of their level.
verified badge
📚 Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry (4CH1): Organic Chemistry – Topic Overview

Level: IGCSE (Edexcel – Code: 4CH1)
Subject: Chemistry
Topic:Organic Chemistry
Format: Online
Tutor: Experienced Science & Biology Educator


🔍 Topic Overview:
Explore the fascinating branch of Organic Chemistry, where we study carbon compounds that form the basis of fuels, plastics, medicines, and living organisms. This topic introduces you to the fundamental ideas and reactions of alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, acids, and polymers.


🧪 What You'll Learn:
✅ What makes a compound organic
✅ Properties and reactions of alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons)
✅ How to identify alkenes using bromine water (unsaturated hydrocarbons)
✅ The structure and reactions of alcohols and carboxylic acids
✅ The formation and significance of addition polymers (e.g. poly(ethene))
✅ Environmental challenges with non-biodegradable plastics
✅ Systematic naming of organic compounds using IUPAC rules


🎯 Ideal For:

* Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry students (Code: 4CH1)
* Learners aiming to master organic reactions and chemical structures
* Students preparing for exams with topic-based revision
* Curious minds exploring how chemistry connects to real life


💡 Learning Outcomes:
✔️ Understand and apply organic chemistry terminology
✔️ Predict the products of key reactions (combustion, addition, substitution)
✔️ Draw and interpret structural and molecular formulas
✔️ Explain how polymers are made and discuss their uses and impacts


📍Book a session today and turn Organic Chemistry into one of your strongest IGCSE topics — taught with diagrams, past paper questions, and simplified concepts!
verified badge
I'm here to help you understand chemistry in a simple and clear way 🔬✨

I'm passionate about science and have experience teaching general chemistry to high school students. My lessons are tailored for teenagers between 15 and 18 years old who want to:

Strengthen what they’ve learned in school, prepare for exams, understand basic to advanced concepts, learn at their own pace in a fun and interactive way

🔍 What do we cover in class?

Atomic structure and the periodic table
Chemical bonding
Chemical reactions
Stoichiometry
Solutions, pH, acids and bases
Basic organic chemistry

👩‍🏫 My classes are dynamic, with real-life examples, practical exercises, and helpful study materials.
verified badge
🧪 IB Chemistry Apprentice Lesson Plan

Topic: The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Level: IB Year 1 (Apprentice)
Duration: 60 minutes

Lesson Objectives

By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

‣ Describe the electromagnetic spectrum and identify its different regions.
‣ Understand and apply the equation c = fλ.
‣ Differentiate between a continuous spectrum and a line spectrum.
‣ Explain the concept of quantized energy in atoms.

Lesson Outline

Introduction (0–5 minutes)
Start the lesson by asking students a few engaging questions:
What are some examples of invisible light or radiation around us?
Why do we wear sunscreen?

Allow brief responses, then explain that all of these examples are part of the electromagnetic spectrum, which we will study today.

Teaching Phase 1 – Overview of the Electromagnetic Spectrum (5–15 minutes)
Introduce the electromagnetic spectrum. Explain that it is a range of all electromagnetic waves, which vary by frequency and wavelength. Emphasize that all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed in a vacuum – the speed of light, c = 3.00 × 108 m/s.
Key formula to introduce: c = fλ, where:
c = speed of light
f = frequency (Hz)
λ = wavelength (m)

Point out that high-frequency waves have short wavelengths and higher energy (like gamma rays), while low-frequency waves have long wavelengths and lower energy (like radio waves). Display a spectrum diagram showing the range from radio to gamma rays, with visible light in the center.

Teaching Phase 2 – Spectrum Types: Continuous vs. Line Spectrum (15–25 minutes)
Explain the difference between continuous and line spectra.

A continuous spectrum** contains all wavelengths in a range, like a rainbow produced when white light passes through a prism.
A line spectrum** shows only specific wavelengths or frequencies. This happens when excited electrons fall back to lower energy levels and release photons of specific energies.
Explain that energy is **quantized**—electrons cannot have just any amount of energy; only specific values are allowed. Use the helium line spectrum image as an example.

Real-World Examples and Class Discussion (35–45 minutes)
Give students three practical examples and discuss their uses:

1. Microwaves – Used in cooking and communications.
2. Ultraviolet (UV) rays – Cause sunburn; used in sterilizing equipment.
3. Gamma rays– Used in cancer treatment and in detecting radioactive materials.

Ask students:
Where do you see or use electromagnetic waves in your daily life?
Encourage short contributions to reinforce understanding.

Student Exercises (45–55 minutes)
Have students complete these three questions individually:

1. A wave has a frequency of 6.0 × 1014 Hz. Calculate its wavelength using c = 3.00 × 108 m/s.
2. Explain the difference between a continuous and line spectrum, with an example of each.
3. Why are gamma rays more dangerous to humans than radio waves?

Wrap-Up and Recap (55–60 minutes)
Call on a few students to briefly summarize one key thing they learned.
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Lesson: Electrochemistry
Duration: 60 minutes
Grade Level: Advanced Science / Chemistry (IGCSE, A Level, IB)
Main Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
1. Define electrochemistry and explain its importance.
2. Describe the difference between electrolytic and galvanic (voltaic) cells.
3. Write half-reactions and overall cell reactions.
4. Calculate standard electrode potentials and predict the direction of electron flow.
5. Understand practical applications of electrochemistry in everyday life.

Lesson Outline / Brief Notes:

1. Introduction to Electrochemistry (10 minutes)
Definition: Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the relationship between chemical reactions and electricity.
Key Concept: Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons.
Real-life example: Batteries, electroplating, corrosion prevention.
2. Galvanic (Voltaic) Cells (15 minutes)
Composed of two half-cells connected by a salt bridge.
Oxidation occurs at the anode, reduction at the cathode.
Example: Daniell cell
Zn(s) | Zn2+(aq) || Cu2+(aq) | Cu(s)
Oxidation: Zn → Zn2+ + 2e−
Reduction: Cu2+ + 2e− → Cu
3. Electrolytic Cells (10 minutes)
Require an external power source to drive non-spontaneous reactions.
Example: Electrolysis of molten NaCl
At cathode: Na+ + e− → Na
At anode: 2Cl− → Cl2 + 2e-
4. Standard Electrode Potentials (10 minutes)
Electrode potential measures the tendency of a species to be reduced.
Example:
Zn2+/Zn: -0.76 V
Cu2+/Cu: +0.34 V
Predict electron flow: Electrons flow from Zn to Cu in a Daniell cell.
5. Applications of Electrochemistry (5 minutes)
Batteries (Li-ion, lead-acid)
Electroplating (silver plating, chromium plating)
Corrosion protection (galvanization)
Exercise (10 minutes)
1. Short Answer Questions:
a. Define electrochemistry.
b. Identify the anode and cathode in a zinc-copper galvanic cell.
c. Explain the difference between galvanic and electrolytic cells.
2. Calculation:
Given:
Zn2+/Zn: -0.76 V
Cu2+/Cu: +0.34 V
Calculate the standard cell potential of a Daniell cell.
3. Application Question:
Describe one practical application of electrochemistry in everyday life and explain how it works.
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